Apple Case Study free essay sample

The mobile personal computer industry and the mobile phone industry Mobile personal computers are PCs that can run on batteries and that are easy to carry on. It can be said that they are an evolution of the traditional personal computers. To describe the industry, it is important to start by defining its segments : The industry is concentrated, with few competitors dominating the market : Apple, Lenovo, Acer, Dell and Samsung. This industry has been suffering considerable changes with the emersion of the Tablets and the decline of the notebooks. However, notebooks are still the most known segment and the largest market share. So, in this analysis they are going to be considered as the main segment. Their key success factors are the following: Key Buying FactorsKey Competition FactorsKey Success Factors Intuitive Familiar technologyIntuitive Software AutonomyDistribution channelsCapacity Price Size Post sale serviceProduct developmentEconomies of scale Customer Support Brand Reliability The Mobile phone industry is one of the most attractive industries to study nowadays: it is growing rapidly and it is in permanent improvement and change . On the behalf of this matrix, we will discuss in detail, how Apple Inc. can rebuild and maintain its reputation. I will explain two ways in existing as well as new market for sale growth. Product development( sell new product in existing market) Product development is selling new products in existing market. Apple has strong reputation in the market. If Apple launch any product related to communication, this will increase market share of Apple. Apple need to target new segment. Apple need to launch new Mobil phone in low price segment. It is also very important for Apple to come up with something new idea to compete with Samsung. Product development is very important for Apple now. Apple Iphone’s series will not work for more time. Samsung is coming with new technology. It will be hard for Apple, may be in the future to compete with Samsung. Diversification:( sell new products in new market) Diversification is a corporate strategy to increase sales volume from new products and new markets. Diversification can be expanding into a new segment of an industry that the business is already in, or investing in a promising business outside of the scope of the existing business. It is very important for Apple to do diversification. Apple Inc. eed to enter into new market like Samsung. Apple’s iPhone is become older concept now. Apple need to launch something different and unique to maintain their reputation. Apple launch its iPhone 5 in August 2012. Apple’s next move is now to launch any new product in this year. It should be unique and little new in the market. Q: Provide three advantages and thr ee disadvantages of each in terms of the organisation priorities and feasibilities. Ans: Product development: It is not to easy to implement product development strategy into the market. This strategy is less risky as compared to other strategies. Following I will discuss I detail about the advantages and disadvantages of product development. Advantages: 1. New to the market/ fresh opportunities: Apple has good reputation in the market. This company is consider as the one of the best in innovation. If Apple inc. like Samsung launch new products in existing market. It will be helpful for the company to gain its market share. 2Competitors may have reached a declining phase, giving your product an advantage: It is another advantage for the company in existing market. It is very helpful to launch a new product when the competitor’s product is at declining phase. knowing the existing competitors and there over all market share and strategys : Now Apple already knows, what strategy is adopted by Samsung to compete in the market. All communication equipment market is adapted Mostly By Samsung. It is very helpful while product development. Disadvantages: 1 competitors- (dominance in the market ) This is an disadvantage of produ ct development strategy. It is sometime difficult to compete with the existing market. Samsang have very strong dominance in low price segment market. It may be difficult for the company to compete in this segment. Risks on failing to achieve sales and the product being unsuccessful: This is another disadvantage of product development strategy. Product can be fail in the market. Diversification: Following I will discuss in detail about the advantages and disadvantages of the diversification. Advantages: 1. (low risk, high returns) The unrelated diversification which is carefully developed and undertaken only after thorough analysis of the environment and the company? s own resources usually brings very good financial results. However, in all cases it should be a low risk investment with a potential for high returns. 2. Good source of funds during seasonal slowdown) In some cases of company acquisition, this diversification can secure funds on hand during a seasonal slowdown, adding to the cash flow for the main business activity. 3. Spreading the risk through different sectors of the economy. It is very important to identify industries in which the business activity slowdown does not coincide with the slowdowns in the main business of the company. Disadvantages: Achieving successful unrelated diversification requires good management skills, closely following each of the business activities and timely identifying and solving even the smallest problems. The greater the number of business activities, the more difficult is the total management task. 2. In many instances the overall performance of the unrelated business activities does not exceed the individual ones. Sometimes it is even worse, unless the managers are exceptionally talented and focused. 3. As a rule, the implementation of unrelated diversification strategy requires allocation of significant financial and human resources and there is always the risk of harming the main company business. Q: Conduct a risk assessment of above selected strategic options. Ans: It is very important to doing risk analysis before putting any strategy into effect. Following I will discuss in detail about the risk assessment of above selected strategic options. 1. estimate likelihood and impact of risk 2. quantitative vs qualitative 1. estimate likelihood and impact of risk 2. quantitative vs qualitative Identification of risk and their caues Identification of risk and their caues Risk Risk Identification Assessment Actions and mechanism to minimise risk. Actions and mechanism to minimise risk. Continues monitoring of risks and actions to control them Continues monitoring of risks and actions to control them Monitoring Risk treatment If Apple wants to put any strategy into effect , before that it is very important to careful consideration of the risk associated with the strategy. Risk identification: It is very necessary to identify the risk associated with the strategy. If Apple Inc. wants to do product development and diversification, than, there are many risks are attached to it. Following are the some ways to identify the risks associated with the strategy. Following are some examples of the risks related with the Apple Inc. strategy. 1. The first risk for the Apple Mobil phone is the risk of about the image. Is the customer will accept the Apple in low price segment? It is like a risk for the company. 2. Apple company is good in making computers and mobil phones. If Apple diversify its operations in other businesses, may be , it is not easy for the company to handle the businesses. It is the another risk for the company. Risk assessment: It is very necessary to examine the risk impacts on the company. If Apple implement these strategies in the company, what would be the effects of these strategies? It is important to know the risk results. Following some of the results we will get after these inputs. Apple Inc. might will lose its high status symbol in the market. Apple is known as the expensive segment phones. Apple may lose its more reputation. It might be the risk for the company. Risk Treatment: This sections cover all the things about the company can do to treat with the risks. It is very important for the company to do something to minimise the risks of the strategy. Following are the some example what Apple Inc. can do before putting the strategy. Innovation is the key of success of the company for Apple. Customers are always expect something new from Apple. Apple need to create good product as well as some innovative features to success of the product. What apple can do to treat with the risk is the high promotion of the product before launching the product in low price segment. Monitoring/ review: It is very important monitor the strategy after implementation for the effective results. Comparisons of the results with the standards is the good way of monitoring. Q: Justify the two selected strategic options? Ans: I selected two strategic options for the Apple Inc. is the Product development and differentiation. At this time, company needs to do something to maintain its reputation to survive in the market. They cannot cheat customer for long time. They do some little changes and sell their products. No doubt, Apple was the best phone when they launch first Iphone. Now Company needs to do something to build its reputation. Following I wioll give some points in favour of my selected strategic options to justify my points. 1. If Apple launch some Mobil phones in low price segment with innovation may will lead to market share leadership. Now Apple is at 3rd position in market share. Earlier Samsung was not doing well. They implemented these strategies and they come at second position. Apple need to follow these strategies to be a market leader. 2. Product development is very necessary for Apple because they did not make much changes in their iphone. It is very important for the company to innovate something to maintain its reputation. Samsung is not behind Apple now in terms of technology. Samsung is doing research now on technology. Samsung launched very innovative stretchable screen. These are the some thing that makes leaders in the market. If apple wants to stay in the market, they need to produce new technology to compete with others. 3. It is good for the company to sell their products to different segments. It is good to increase market share. 4. Customers are expecting new technology from Apple. If Apple launch any new technology in the market. It will be good for company reputation and for market share.

Human Resource Department

Question: Write an essay on Business Communication? Answer: Through analyzing the meeting announcement, it is revealed that the letter of the human resources department is written on the structure of direct approach (Lockwood, 2012). Through the observation, it is notified that the choice of writing order of the human resources department is adequate and ethical. In this context, rationally argued that the human resources department have clarified the issue of the meeting more significantly (Yu, 2011). The objectives of the human resources department are listed below: Invite more employees to meeting Motivate employees to participate in the employee benefit plan Address initial queries of the employees regarding meeting and employee benefit plan To: All employees Subject: Meeting announcement Here, we are going to provide additional benefits to our employees through introducing a personal accident indemnity insurance plan, which will be directly deducted, from the payroll of the employees. Moreover, the policy is offering 24/7 coverage, and it will also revive the amount directly to the beneficiary in cash. The enrolment of the policy will start a week after the meeting, and the policy will become effective on May 1, 2014. During the meeting, the benefits and queries regarding the insurance policy will be addressed. Follow this link to learn about the meeting dates, locations and registration procedures. Thank you for your help. From: Human Resource Department This particular letter is written by Josh Long, and indirect approach has been taken to address the message towards Don. In this case, rationally it can be argued that narrative approach has been adopted by Josh Long for sharing the message (Lockwood, 2012). To analyse and identify the choice of order, it can be stated that the information has been shared in a complicated manner. Moreover, the same information has been repeated twice in this letter, which has also affected the impression of a professional letter in a diversified manner. Thus, it can be stated that the flow of information and choice of order is poor in this case (Institutional Repository of the University of Alicante, 2015). To identify the foremost fact of the delivered message, it can be stated that the insurance company has allowed $2900 for the replacement kitchen cabinets. On the other hand, the insurance company will upgrade the kitchen cabinets by allowing $3850 if the policyholder is willing to pay the balance $850. To point out the irrelevant aspect of this letter, it can be argued that the body of the letter need to be structured in short and simple for better understanding. At the same time, it is also revealed that same information has been repeated in this letter, which is needed to be omitted during revise the document. To assign a grade for this particular letter, it can be stated that the body of the letter is quite large and same facts have been repeated, which has created a negative impact. Thus, it is required to grade as "C", which may signify average communication skill (Baker, 2012). Reference List Baker, P., (2015). The Voice Inside. A Practical Guide to Coping with Hearing Voices, 1-32. Institutional Repository of the University of Alicante, (2015). The layout of English business letters. English for Tourism Management, 1-9. Lockwood, J., (2012). English Language Assessment for the Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) Industry: Business Needs Meet Communication Needs. ELLS, 2 (4). Yu, X., (2011). Exploration of Schema in Business English Translation. ELLS, 1(2).

Us History Industrial Age free essay sample

Iron was driven by demand for iron rails for railroads. Steel was developed by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly. It converted iron into versatile steel. Steel benefited the use of locomotives, steel rails, and girders for tall construction buildings. Steel can be used for coal. Together they can make furnaces and other technology well-built. The Airplane and the Automobile These two technological innovations had the farthest reaching impact in the US. Creation of gas helped powered engines. This invented fueled oil.Nicolas August Otto created gas-powered four-stroke engine, which was a precursor to automobile engines. The Wright Brows. Intended the first airplane and tested it near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Design came from France and the US approved of the new technology for transportation. Many were built and used for many purposes. It was a significant presence in Europe during World War 1. Research and Development The rapid development of new industrial technologies have made great changed in industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Us History Industrial Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were emergence of laboratories where people research technology that can be made using electricity and fuel.Engineers in and out of universities became tied up with research and development agendas of corporations. Some Europeans joined with American engineers in corporate research and development laboratories. The Science of Production The growth of automobile and other industries were changes in techniques of production. Industrialists began embracing Tailors after theoretician Frederick Winslow Taylor. He argued the possible change to manage human behavior to make it compatible with demands of the machine age. With more tasks of working men, production will increase.The most important change in production in technology in the industrial era was the emergence of mass production and, along with it, the moving assembly line, which Henry Ford introduced in his automobile plants in 1914. There was an emergence of automobile production where England works on motors for engines. Some motors were used by electricity or by fuel. Henry ford introduced his Model T and had become a standard for many other industries. Railroad Expansion and the Corporation The principal agent of industrial development in the late nineteenth century was the expansion of railroads.They gave industrialists access to distant markets and distant sources of raw materials. Largest businesses and created new forms of corporate organization. They were biggest investors, stimulating economic growth through their own expenditures on construction and equipment. Rockefeller had expanded only horizontally. But soon he began expanding vertically. He built his own barrel factories, terminal warehouses, and pipelines. Standard Oil owned freight cars and developed its own marketing organization.He had established such dominance within petroleum industry that too much of the nation he served as a leading symbol of monopoly. Survival of the Fittest The new industrial economy was not shrinking opportunities for individual advancement. It was providing every individual with a chance to succeed and attain great wealth. Most tycoons continued to claim that they attained their wealth and power through hard work, acquisitiveness, and thrift. Those who succeeded, they argued, deserved their success, and those who failed had earned their failure through their own laziness, stupidity or carelessness.Assumptions became the basis Of a popular social theory of the late nineteenth century: Social Darwinism, the application of Charles Darnings laws of evolution and natural selection among species to human society. Just as only the fittest survived in the process of evolution, the Social Darwinist argued. So in human society only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the marketplace. The Gospel of Wealth Some businessmen attempted to temper the harsh philosophy of Social Darwinism with a gentler, if in some ways equally self-serving idea: the gospel of wealth. People of great wealth, had not only great power but great responsibilities. The notion of private wealth as a public blessing existed alongside another popular concept: the notion of great wealth as something available to all. Horopito Alger was the most famous promoter Of the SUCCeSS story. He is a writer that wrote novels that had a basic story of one starting off s nothing and then becoming as something extraordinary. The purpose of his writing was twofold. He wanted to influence upon social classes with writing, which will hopefully inspire them to achieve. Alternative Visions Alongside the justifications for great wealth stood a group of alternative philosophies, challenging the corporate ethos and at times capitalism. Lester Frank Ward, a sociologist argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society. Other Americans adapted more radical approaches to reform. Other radicals aimed a wider following. Henry George blamed social problems on the ability of few monopolists to grow wealthy as a result of rising land values.He proposed a single tax on land, to replace all other taxes, which would return the increment to people. The tax would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more equally. The Problems of Monopoly A few Americans shared their views Of those who questioned about the capitalism. People started to be concerned about the growth of monopoly. Wide range of groups had begun to assail monopoly and economic concentration. They blamed monopoly creating high prices. Monopolistic industries could charge whatever prices they wished; railroads, in particular, charged very high rates along some routes because, because they had no choice.The Immigrant Work Force Industrial work force expanded in the late nineteenth century. Expansion was a massive migration into industrial cities. First: Continue flow of rural Americans into factories, towns, and cities. Second: Was the great wave Of immigration from abroad. Many immigrants came from Canada, Europe, Asia etc. They industrialized work force. New immigrants were coming to America in part to escape poverty and oppression in their homelands. Europeans emerged as a major source of labor for mining industry.Chinese and Mexicans competed with Anglo-Americans and African Americans in mining, farm work, and factory labor in California, Colorado and Texas. Wages and Working Conditions The average income of American workers was $400 to $500 a year. Workers did not have much job security. All were vulnerable to the boom-and-bust cycle of the industrial economy. Some lost their jobs because of technological advances. American laborers faced hardships. First-generation workers accustomed to the patterns Of the patterns Of agrarian life. Most factory errors worked ten-hour days, six days a week; in steel industry. The decreasing need for skilled work in factories induced many employers to increase use of women and children. Women worked in all areas, even in some of the most arduous jobs. Most who worked were unskilled and semiskilled. Textile industry remained the largest industrial employer of women. Children worked at factories with a maximum workday of ten hours. Emerging Unionization Laborers attempted to fight back against such conditions by creating national unions. There had been craft unions in America, representing small groups of skilled workers. Individual unions could not hope to exert significant power in the economy.And during the turbulent recession years of the sass, unions faced the additional problem of widespread public hostility. The great railroad strike was Americas first major, national labor conflict. The Knights of Labor The first major effort to create a genuinely national labor organization was the founding in 1 869 of the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, under the leadership of Uriah S. Stephens. The Knights hoped to replace the wage system with a new cooperative system, in which workers would control a large part of the economy. The Knights remained a secret fraternal organization. The Terrace V. Powdery leadership order moved into the open and entered a period of spectacular expansion. Local unions/assemblies associated with the Knights launched a series of railroad and other strikes in the sass in defiance of Powdery s wishes. The FALL Before the Knights began to decline, a rival association appeared. Samuel Compeers, a powerful leader of FALL, concentrated on labors immediate objectives: wages, hours, and working conditions. FALL demanded a national eight-hour workday and called for a general strike if the goal was not achieved by May 1, 1886.Chicago, a center a labor and radical strength, a strike was already in progress at the McCormick Harvester Company. To most middle-class Americans, the Homemaker bombing was an alarming symbol of social chaos and radicalism. The Homestead Strike The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers was the most powerful trade union in the country. Its members were skilled workers, in great demand by employers, and thus had long been able to exercise significant power in the workplace. Demand for skilled workers was in decline as new production methods changed the stalemating progress.Carnegie and his first lieutenant, Henry Clay Erick, had decided that the Amalgamated had to go. Over the next two years, they repeatedly cut wages at Homestead. The Pullman Strike A dispute of greater magnitude, if less violence, was the Pullman strike in 1894. The Pullman Palace Car Company manufactured railroad sleeping and parlor cars, which it built and repaired at a plant near Chicago. Pullman was constructed a 600-acre town. Many people rented it and many industrial workers saw the town as a model. Workers went on strike and persuaded the militant American Railway Union, to support them by refusing to handlePullman cars and equipment. With federal troops protecting the hiring of new workers and with the union leaders in a federal jail, the strike quickly collapsed. Sources of Labor Weakness The last decades of the nineteenth century were years in which labor, despite militant organizing efforts, made few real gains. Industrial wags rose hardly at all. Labor leaders won a few legislative victories-abolition of the Contract Labor Law, the establishment of an eight-hour day for government employees, compensation for some workers injured on the job, and others.Many laws were not enforced. There were widespread strikes and protests ND many other workingwomans forms of resistance, large, small, but few real gains. Workers failed to make greater gains for many reasons. The principal labor organizations represented only a small percentage of the industrial work force; the FALL the most important, excluded unskilled workers, and along with them most women, blacks, and recent immigrants. Another source of labor weakness was the shifting nature of the work force. Many immigrant workers intend to earn some money and then return home. They had no long-range future in the country eroded their willingness to organize. Above al, perhaps, workers made few gains because they faced corporate organizations of vast wee lath and power, which were generally determined to crush any efforts by workers to challenge their prerogatives. Chapter 18: The Age of the City The Migrations Americans left the declining agricultural regions of the East at a dramatic rate in the late nineteenth century. Those left developed farmlands at the West. Most moved the cities of the east and the Midwest. Southern blacks left rural America for industrial cities in the sass.Some were escaping poverty, debt, violence, and oppression they faced in the rural south. The most important resource of urban population growth was the arrival of great numbers of new immigrants. The Ethnic City Most of the population of the major urban areas consisted of immigrants. In other countries experiencing heavy immigration in this period, most of the new arrivals were coming from one or two sources. But in the US, no single national group dominated. Most of the new immigrants were rural people and for many the adjustment to city life was painful.Ethnic neighborhoods offered newcomers much that was familiar. They could find newspapers and theaters in their languages, stores selling their native foods, and church and arterial organizations that provided links with their national posts. The cultural cohesiveness of the ethnic communities clearly eased the pain of separation from the immigrants native lands. Some ethnic groups advanced economically more rapidly than others. One is by huddling together in ethnic neighborhoods, immigrant groups tended to reinforce the cultural values of their previous societies.Immigrants who aroused strong racial prejudice among native-born whites found it difficult to advance whatever their talents. Assimilation and Exclusion Virtually all groups among the immigrant communities had certain things in moon. Most shared the experience of living in cities. Most were young; majority of newcomers were between 15 and 45 years. Most of foreign born had to compete against another powerful force: the desire for assimilation. Native-born Americans encouraged immigrants to assimilate in countless ways.Public schools taught children in English and employers often insisted workers speak English on the job. The government had concerned about immigration. The Creation of Public Space Among the most important innovations of the mid-nineteenth century were great city parks, which reflected the desire of growing number Of urban adders to provide an antidote to the congestion of the city landscape. Parks would allow city residents a healthy, restorative escape from the strains of urban life with the natural world. Frederick Law Limited and Calvert Faux designed New Works Central Park. They created a public space that would look as little like the city as possible. Central park was from the start one of the most popular and admired public spaces in the world. At the same time some cities created great parks, art museums, concert halls, and opera houses. Cities made effort to redesigning existing landscapes. The Search for Housing One of the greatest problems was providing housing for thousands of new residents who were pouring into cities each day. The availability of cheap labor reduced cost Of building and permitted anyone with even a moderate income to afford a house.Some of the richest urban residents lived in palatial mansions located in exclusive neighborhoods in the heart of each city. Most urban residents could not afford their own house in the city or move to suburbs. They stayed in city centers and rented. The first tenements had been hailed as great improvement in housing for the poor. Most in fact were ascribable places with no windows and no plumbing or heat. Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction urban growth posed transportation challenges. People needed to move every day from one part of the city to another.Street cars on tracks by horses were introduced. Horse cars were not fast enough so many places developed new forms of mass transit. Such as in New York, it opened its first elevated railway, steam-powered trains. New York, Chicago and San Francisco experimented with cable cars. Boston opened the first American subway. One of the great technological marvels of the 1 sass was the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. Cities grew upward. The construction of the skyscraper was made and elevators were created. Fire and Disease Ares destroyed large downtown areas.Chicago and Boston suffered great fires in 1871. Others experienced similar disasters. These fires were terrible but were most important events in the development of the cities involved. Constructors encouraged fireproof buildings and the development of pro fire departments. They also forced cities to rebuild at a time when new technological and architectural innovations were available. A greater hazard than fire was disease in poor neighborhoods with inadequate sanitation acclivities. But an epidemic that began in a poor neighborhood could spread easily into other neighborhoods as well.Municipals recognized improper sewage disposal and water contamination to diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera; many cities lacked adequate systems for disposing Of human waste until well into the ;ninetieth century. Flush toilets and sewer systems began to appear in the sass but did not solve the problem as long as sewage continued to flow into open ditches or streams, polluting cities water supplies. Environmental Degradation Modern notions of environmental science were unknown to most Americans n the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Environmental degradation of many American cities was a visible and disturbing fact of life in those years. The frequency of great fires, the dangers of disease and plague, the extraordinary crowding of working-class neighborhoods were all examples of environmental costs of industrialization and rapid arbitration. Improper disposal Of human and industrial waste was a common feature Of almost all large cities in these years. Air quality in many cities was poor as well. By 20th century reformers were crusading to improve environmental conditions.New sewage and drainage systems were created to protect drinking water from sewage disposal. The Fed created the Public Health Service to treat occupational diseases like tuberculosis and other trades. Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence The expansion of the city spawned widespread and often desperate poverty. Public agencies and private organizations were poorly funded and in any case dominated by middle-class people who believed that too much assistance would breed dependency. Most tried to restrict aid to the deserving poor. Charitable organization conducted investigations to separate deserving room undeserving. Middle-class people grew alarmed over the rising of poor children in the cities, some were orphan or runaways. Poverty and crowding bred crime and violence. American murder rate rose rapidly in the late nineteenth century. Some middle class people feared urban insurrections and felt the need for more substantial forms of protection. Urban National Guard built imposing remarries and stored large supplies of weapons and ammunition in preparations for uprisings.The city Was a place of strong allure and great excitement. But it was also a place of degradation and exploitation. The Machine and the Boss For many residents of inner cities, the principal source of assistance was the political machine. It is a power vacuum that the chaotic growth of cities created. It was a product of optional voting power of large immigrant communities. Out of that combo emerged urban bosses. The function was simple: to win votes for his organization. Machines were also vehicles for making money. The most corrupt city boss was William M.Tweed, boss of New York Citys Tammany Hall, whose extravagant use of public funds on projects that paid kickbacks to the organization landed him in jail in 1872. Patterns of Income and Consumption Incomes were rising in highly uneven rates. Salaries of clerks, accountants, and other white-collar workers rose by an average of a third between 1 890 and 1910. Doctors, lawyers, and other pros experienced a dramatic increase in both prestige and profitability of their professions. Working-class incomes rose too. Rising incomes created new markets for consumer goods. Affordable products and new merchandising techniques soon made many consumer goods available to mass market for the first time. An example of good change was ready-made clothing. Buying and preparing food became a critical part of new consumerism. The development of cans created an industry devoted to selling canned food and condensed milk. Changes brought improved diets and better health. Chain Stores, Mail-order Houses and Department Stores Changes in marketing altered the way Americans bought goods. Chain stores could offer a wider array of goods at lower prices than the small local stores which competed. Large cities emerged great department stores. It helped transform buying habits and turned shopping into a more alluring and glamorous activity. Chicago created the first American department stores-a place to produce a sense of wonder and excitement. Such stores where emerged in New York, Boston, and other cities. Women as Consumers Womens clothing styles changed more rapidly than mens, which encouraged more frequent purchases. The bought and prepared food for their families, so new food products did not only change but also the way everyone ate and the way women shopped and cooked.The consumer economy produced new employment opportunities for women as salesclerks and waitresses. The National Consumers League attempted to mobile power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions. Refining Leisure In early eras, few Americans had considered leisure a valuable thing. In the nineteenth century, the beginnings of a redefinition of leisure appeared. In early times, Simon Patten feared of scarcity had caused people to place a high value on thrift, self-denial, and restraint.But in modern industrial societies, new economies could create enough wealth to satisfy not just the needs, but desires, of all. As leisure became part of American life, it began new experiences with which to entertain them. Mass entertainment bridged differences of class, race, or gender. There was shopping, saloons, sporting events, theaters, pubs, and clubs. Spectator Sports Among The most important responses to the search for entertainment was the rise of organized spectator sports, and especially baseball. Baseball had great appeal to working-class males.The second most popular game, football, appealed at first to a more elite segment of male population, in part because it originated in colleges and universities. Basketball and boxing became popular as well. Participation in major sports was almost exclusively the province of men, but several sports emerged in which women became important participants. Golf and tennis both experienced a rapid increase mongo relatively wealthy men and women. Bicycling and croquet also enjoyed widespread popularity in the sass. Womens colleges introduced their students to more strenuous sports like track, crew, swimming, and basketball.Music, Theater, and Movies Many ethnic communities maintained their own theaters. Urban theaters also introduced new distinctively American entertainment forms: the musical comedy, which evolved gradually from the comic operettas of Europe; and vaudeville, a form a theater adapted from French models, which remained most popular urban entertainment into the first decades of the twentieth century. Vaudeville was also one of the few entertainment media open to black performers. They brought elements of minstrel shows they earlier developed for black audiences in the late nineteenth century.The most entertainment was the movies. Thomas Edison and others created the technology of motion picture rest. Soon after that, short films became available to individual viewers watching peepshows in pool halls, penny arcades, and amusement parks. By 1900, Americans were becoming attracted in large numbers to early movies. Motion pictures were the first truly mass entertainment medium. Patterns of Public and Private Leisure Many Americans spent their leisure time in places where they would not find not only entertainment but also other people.Thousands of working-class New Yorkers spent evening in dance halls, vaudeville houses, and concert halls. Moviegoers were attracted not just by movies themselves but by the energy of the audiences at lavish new movie palaces, just as sports fans were drawn by the crowds as well by the games. Many Americans amused themselves privately by reading novels and poetry as well. The Technologies of Mass Communication The transformation of publishing and journalism was to a large degree a exult of new technologies of communication.

Essay Topics on Eugenics

Essay Topics on EugenicsIf you are wondering which essay topics on Eugenics you should be using in your final year English course, there are quite a few options. The topic you choose will depend upon what type of professor you have and the subject matter you want to tackle. Some professors may welcome the discussion of Eugenics, while others may feel that it is off-limits. This article is going to outline some topic areas that you can work with.One essay topic on Eugenics that has become extremely popular is the Asiatic or Polynesian race. This is due to the work of David Kaiser, who was intrigued by the Polynesians. They have a belief system that basically believes in creating their own race. Many other professors and faculty find this interesting, and many times they will allow this topic to be taught.Another topic area on Eugenics that is gaining popularity is the period after the eugenics movement came to a halt. People were allowed to stay in their houses, and they did not have to work at all, since no one needed them to. It is believed that this was caused by stress from being separated from their families.There are also essay topics on Eugenics that deal with the WWII experience. Many professors believe that WWII was caused by people trying to work out inhumane aspects of the policies and practices of the eugenics movement. Others believe that the war was caused by greedy people who wanted more money for themselves, so they could afford to take care of their families after the war.Any topic about human genetics can be used to help focus on Eugenics. Essays should focus on different aspects of the history of eugenics. Some people prefer to talk about the genetic history of specific nations or countries, while others would like to discuss human genetics in general. This can be very interesting for the students who choose to teach about it.Women's rights and the issues involved in the feminist movement have also become popular topic areas in the essays on E ugenics. There is a huge interest in these topics, because so many people now are deeply interested in taking care of their children. These topics are usually covered in class with the help of an instructor, so students are not always free to discuss them on their own.The topics on Eugenics that deal with the legal aspect are becoming quite popular as well. More people are being given rights that they have never had before, and this is a topic that many teachers feel is important to teach. Not everyone wants to write a true essay on Eugenics, but those who do want to offer the best analysis will need to go into this topic with an understanding of the way the world works and how to explain it.Those who want to learn more about topics on Eugenics should do some research on the topic. There are many books and websites that offer much information about the topic. These articles were meant to give you ideas, but if you want to get more in depth about any topic, you should do some more re search on the topic.

Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages Cultural Similarities in the Context of the Recruitment Process The WritePass Journal

Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages Cultural Similarities in the Context of the Recruitment Process Introduction Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages Cultural Similarities in the Context of the Recruitment Process ). This literature review will contribute to informing current knowledge on advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities within the candidate evaluation process. Questions addressed will include: does cultural matching really matter in the hiring process, and is it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fit. Defining the context of this area of research Culture is increasingly becoming the peripheral for occupational sorting. This has been driven by the popular view that organisations with employees that fully embrace the culture find it easy to navigate through tough economic times (Cubik 2013). Contrary to the popular view, does cultural matching really matter in the hiring process? Is it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fit? Exploring this topic is important considering the recent ‘skill gap’ crippling engineering firms. In the UK, there is currently a shortfall in most areas of graduate recruitment. According to the Confederation of British Industry, the national shortage in graduate recruitment in many areas especially engineering sector may put a brake on economic recovery (Paton 2014). Tens of thousands of engineers are retiring without graduates to replace them (Osborne 2013). Many organisations across the globe are yet to put in place means to measuring cultural fit in their recruitment and selection process (Cubik 2014).   It is time to re-examine the advantages and disadvantages of such cultural matching. Such an objective assessment will act as a wakeup call for managers and HR professionals to critically review their recruitment processes and ascertain whether conformity to mainstream organisational culture gives the best outcome. Past literature has provided a useful case study which considers elite professional service firms. It was suggested that an often untested hypothesis within this field is how similarities which exist culturally and can be reflected in shared experiences, preferences, individual characteristics or even presentation of self (Bourdieu, 1984). Additionally, that these cultural similarities which are at interplay between employers and those applying for jobs are crucial in determining the employers hiring decision. It is posed that hiring as a process has many more intricacies than just a basic recognition and sorting of skills; rather, a complex process exists which incorporates the cultural matching  of potential employees between those who apply for jobs, those who evaluate and the companies who hire them. Past literature indicates that employers seek out those perspective employees who are competent and importantly seem to possess cultural similarities. It was uncovered that culture similarities were of upmost concern to employers, often overriding concerns solely surrounding productivity (Rivera, 2012). Considerations relating to the advantages and disadvantages of the cultural role in determining how employers hire Processes are evident which are interpersonal in nature and apparent in evaluating cultural similarities to determine candidate evaluation. These processes empirically demonstrate how cultural similarities predict hiring within the workforce. The process of hiring an employee is a very influential and powerful determinant in influencing outcomes of the labour market. The protocol for hiring practice is a mechanism which can be the cornerstone in facilitating employment opportunities for some, while disabling for others. Hiring is crucial in order to prosper or excel in most occupations and advance in income brackets, therefore, considering the intricacies of hiring are important to understand social closure or opposing economic stratification (Elliot and Smith, 2004). The hiring process between employers and employees is typically interpreted as a matching process which exists to filter organisational characteristics, with the job requirements, and perceived skill of the job candidate (Tilly Tilly, 1998). Previous literature has summarised how employers’ hiring decisions as based on: evaluating the potential employee on what has been described as human capital, for example their hard or soft skills and attributes; secondly their potential for social capital, represented by their social connections; and finally in evaluating their demographic characteristics (Pager Shepherd, 2008). Moreover, research is recognising that gaps exist in our current knowledge on the processes of hiring. It should be noted that when human capital, social capital, demographic traits are all accounted for in understanding how employers hire, there remains unexplained variance. Consequently, investigating how employers carry out their decision making is an area wh ich needs to be informed in the literature (Heckman and Siegelman, 1993). Much of this unexplained variance could be implicated in methodological and data limitations. A majority of the existing literature in this area is quantitative in nature and places focus on the type of individuals in the application process or comparisons between pre and post hiring, leaving the decision making process unexplained (Fernandez Fernandez, 2006). Furthermore, constraints are evident in keeping to assessing what is easy to access or observe by using information which is quite often extracted from records of employment. Thus it is clear that in order to fully understand the hiring process, decision-making is an important factor to investigate, to distinguish between how employers evaluate, make comparisons and select new employees. By further investigating this decision making process it is hoped that more subtle factors will be revealed to explain employers’ decisions in relation to the outcomes of hiring (Gross, 2009). The Role of Culture Previous investigations into how the employer selects employees have predominantly focused on individual characteristics, the organisational context, or factors within the institution (Pager Shepherd, 2008). Perhaps, however this process of employment incorporates more than the context of candidates, or companies and recruitment should be recognised as an interpersonal process. Overall, within most industries the main components of an interview for a job are key determinants of success or failure in hiring. Job candidates create impressions of themselves within the interview situation and this impacts upon the likelihood of them getting hired, it has even been posed that this carries more weight than their qualification achievements (Graves Powell, 1995). However even with this knowledge, within the literature focus often reflects pre or post factors regards hiring. Therefore it is apparent that focus should be placed on interpreting the dimensions which represent the interpersonal nature of the recruitment process (Roscigno, 2007;  Stainback et al., 2010). Within a micro-social setting existing literature describes dynamics which are interpersonal and has concluded that similarities are one of the most substantial indicators in determining how an individual is evaluated and how desirable they are to an employer (Byrne, 1971) and this has been confirmed within an interview setting (Huffcutt, 2011). Research in this area has previously examined gender or race similarities, and in addition similarities in tastes, life experiences, leisure activities, or self-presentation which can greatly impact interpersonal attraction and therefore stratification (Lareau and Weininger, 2003;  Wimmer Lewis, 2010). Upon a first meeting, typically people seek out shared commonalities which could be in knowledge, an experience, or personal interests (Gigone Hastie, 1993). It is through uncovering these similarities that people connect emotionally and this then facilitates a trusting and comforting environment, creating excitement, and building bonds bet ween individuals (Collins, 2004;  DiMaggio, 1987; Erickson 1996). Within psychology there is a well-known hypothesis which poses similarity creates attraction (Byrne, 1971) and similarly within sociology what is known as the ‘homophily’ principle (Lazarsfeld Merton, 1954) also infers that similarities culturally promote attraction. However, it should be noted that having similar cultural identities equates to more than simply having shared interests. It is posed that cultural identity importantly determines our evaluation strategy (DiMaggio, 1987;  Lamont Molnar, 2002). Past literature,  (Weber, 1946), concluded that having the same interest in things like leisure pursuits, or similar experiences, presentation style, and other life factors create membership within certain groups and are fundamental in determining an individual being included in a desirable opportunity. Very specifically, Weber indicated that lifestyle factors are cornerstone in estimating status within group reproduction and social closure. In weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of hiring and the role culture plays, even if this is unconscious, cultural similarities may be greatly at play during the evaluation process and be a determinant of rewards. A classic study in this research area was based on interviews in a college between counsellors and students within the community (Erickson Schultz, 1981). It was reported that similarities which were established within this relationship were the most crucial determinants in shaping the councillors view about a student’s potential and future success. Even within the presence of co-membership, the most important indicator seemed to be perceived similarities in experience. Moving on form this, more recent literature (Lamont, 2009)  implicated that within academia research proposals were favoured for academic fellowships when the proposal was similar to the interests of that particular scholar who was evaluating the applicant. These types of selection bias ha ve many important implications, are inclusive of access to resources as well as social rewards, and also in predicting long term trajectories within an educational, social or economic setting (DiMaggio Mohr, 1985). Much literature is apparent which has been based on examining culture with stratification and this is disproportionate due to its focus on the educational setting (Stevens, Armstrong Arum, 2008). Apparent limitations are evident in examining cultural similarities post-graduation. An important area of research clearly appears to be to determine outcomes for students who have gained similar qualifications in the process of applying for jobs within the labour market. A good example to illustrate this phenomenon could be to further investigate the hiring process within the power of stratifying through shared cultural similarities. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities could further be explained by assessing if students gain financial reward through cultural similarities and this would be recognised through the attainment of a desirable job and matching salary. Useful research would investigate the advantages of cultural similarities and if this translat es economically (Bourdieu, 1986) within the labour force, this hypothesis has been neglected within empirical literature (Bills, 2003). Furthermore it is known that the qualities upon which we make our assessments are generally not context specific (Lamont, 1992), therefore it cannot be representative that culture similarities are identical, perhaps in both a classroom and interview situation. Within cultural research there has been a lack of systematic assessment in relation to hiring, and in contrast to this those who academically assess hiring may have previously under-theorised the role of culture. Overall a majority of hiring research in a sociological setting has examined the process of employers evaluating their prospective employees’ hard skills and specifically cognitive skills. Whereas those papers that have explored non-cognitive skills will most likely focus on things that will impact upon productivity and include soft skills (Farkas, 2003). A disadvantage in this field of research is how cultural contexts and lifestyle have been classed as non-productive entities and therefore under studied in an empirical setting (Tilly Tilly, 1998). On the other hand, an advantage in this particular area of research has been that investigations which have examined the employment process, have recognised that similarities are an important predictor of candidate employment however, this research has previously been limited by focusing on gender or ethnicity (Gorman, 2005). This may be explained partly by limited data on informative information as it is not always an easy task to capture similarities on underlying tastes or lifestyle factors, and if this information has been obtained then it is somewhat difficult to quantify (Stevens, 2008). Moreover, within empirical literature it is common to use similarities which are demographic in nature when estimating shared culture. It should be clear that both culture and a set structure are mutually reinforcing entities, whereas an individual’s gender or ethnicity can greatly impact their cultural identity (Sewell, 1992; Swidler, 1986). It would be advantageous to examine the varia tion represented by individual values, experience or beliefs and common behaviour among unique demographic culture (Lamont Small, 2008). Thus, in order to gain a true and reflective picture of a cultural hiring prospective, research must consider demographics as well as cultural similarities and life experiences between those who are hiring and potential employees (Turco, 2010). Research exists which has made the assumption that gender and ethnic similarities override any other shared common experiences. These ethnic and gender similarities should be recognised as being greatly influential attributes in determining interpersonal attraction and likelihood of a positive evaluation. Continuing research in this area has confirmed  a hypothesis which was outlined by Tajfel and Turner’s (1986)  suggesting that in and out group preferences can vary. Importantly, more current literature has revealed that demographics can moderate preferences in a within group setting (Ely, 1995). When examining the hiring process, gender and ethnic similarities between those hiring and potential job candidates have produced inconsistencies in effect (Huffcutt, 2011). Conclusion To clarify, previous literature efforts should be made to investigate a range of similarities which incorporate more than gender and ethnicity with their impact on the labour market (Castilla, 2011).  The current literature review has presented a review of the literature in this area and it can be concluded that it would be advantageous to assess the relationships between interpersonal characteristics and how people are evaluated based on their shared cultural attributes. From the current literature it can be perceived that shared characteristics are important in a variety of contexts however it is also clear that identifying cultural similarities in the context of employment success would be an especially useful and important piece of research. In psychology it has been shown that between those who perceive themselves as similar, this can actually impact and control the effects of attraction and similarity. Subjectively believing that an individual shares similarities with you on multiple dimensions within a unique context may be a crucial determinant in dis-entangling our understanding of interpersonal attraction (Tajfel and Turner, 1986). Subjective impressions of perceived similarities may be most influential within an interaction which is personalised, run over an increased duration of time and based on identifying additional information to what is visible (Montoya, Horton Kirchner 2008), this is apt in the setting of a job interview. Previous literature has indicated that having perceived similarities are possibly more important than true similarities on the overall decision within the employment process (Graves Powell, 1995). Shared culture is imperative to consider if we want to fully understand how perceived similarities operate (Lamont Molnar, 2002). In spite of this information and within sociological research the process of hiring has usually overseen shared culture in determining how employers are influenced. Some literature does exist which recognises the importance of cultural similarities and has been seen in a qualitative study by Neckerman Kirschenman (1991). Here, in relation to urban employers it was hypothesised that cultural similarities predict employers’ decisions. DiMaggio (1992) was responsible for labelling recruitment as a ‘cultural matching’ process. In spite of knowing that cultural similarities are influential predictors of job success (Turco, 2010), cultural factors have typically been excluded or overlooked and deemed as not productive or observable in past research (Pager, Western Bonikowski, 2009). A number of authors have emphasised the importance conformity to mainstream organizational culture when making hiring decisions. For example, in their study on the impact of organisational culture on human resource practices, Omotayo Anthonia (2013) argued that the congruence between individual values and organisational culture was crucial in the recruitment and selection process. They argued that it helped reduce absenteeism and turnover, and that it increased employee morale and satisfaction leading to increased productivity and better performance. In a similar vein, Silverthorne (2004) argues that employees who are better fit to the organisational culture are more likely to experience higher job satisfaction and become more committed to the organisation. However, to some extent these arguments are debatable; it is not necessarily true that cultural matching in recruitment and selection leads to the best outcome. There is a greater tendency for HR managers to hire people that they think are similar to them rather than hiring those who are objectively good at their job (Booth, 2002). A phenomenal candidate who would have taken the company to another level can be missed out just because he/she could not satisfy the criteria around cultural fit (Marcel et al., 2013). Moreover, a considerable amount of bias in talent acquisition may result when invoking cultural matching. What is the likelihood of missing out on innovative perspectives is an important consideration for future research (Marcel et al., 2013). For the purpose of this literature review, systematic and empirical literature has been presented to understand the advantages and disadvantages of cultural characteristics in determining job success. References Blau, P. M., Duncan, O. D. (1967). The American occupational structure. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press. Byrne, D. E. (1971). The attraction paradigm (Vol. 11). Academic Pr. Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton university press. DiMaggio, P. (1987). Classification in art. American sociological review, 440-455. DiMaggio, P., Mohr, J. (1985). Cultural capital, educational attainment, and marital selection. American journal of sociology, 1231-1261. Elliott, J. R., Smith, R. A. (2004). Race, gender, and workplace power. American Sociological Review, 69(3), 365-386. Ely, R. J. (1995). The power in demography: Womens social constructions of gender identity at work. Academy of Management journal, 38(3), 589-634. Erickson, B. H. (1996). Culture, class, and connections. American journal of Sociology, 217-251. Erickson, F., Shultz, J. (1982). The counselor as gatekeeper: Social interaction in interviews. New York: Academic Press. Farkas, G. (2003). Cognitive skills and noncognitive traits and behaviors in stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology, 541-562. Fernandez, R. M., Fernandez-Mateo, I. (2006). Networks, race, and hiring. American Sociological Review, 71(1), 42-71. Gigone, D., Hastie, R. (1993). The common knowledge effect: Information sharing and group judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 959. Gorman, E. H. (2005). Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women: Evidence from law firms. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 702-728. Graves, L. M., Powell, G. N. (1995). The effect of sex similarity on recruitersevaluations of actual applicants: a test of the similarity†attraction paradigm. Personnel Psychology, 48(1), 85-98. Gross, N. (2009). A pragmatist theory of social mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 74(3), 358-379. Heckman, J. J., Siegelman, P. (1993). The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings. Huffcutt, A. I. (2011). An empirical review of the employment interview construct literature. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 19(1), 62-81. Kotter, E. H. and Heskett, O. K..(1992). ‘Culture: The Missing Concept in Organizational Studies’. 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Journal of Competitiveness, vol.5, No. 4, pp. 115-133. Osborne, A.(2013). Shortage of engineers is hurting Britain, says James Dyson. The Telegraph. [viewed on 4th July 2014] available from telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/10287555/Shortage-of-engineers-is-hurting-Britain-says-James-Dyson.html Pager, D., Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual review of sociology, 34, 181. Pager, D., Western, B., Bonikowski, B. (2009). Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market A Field Experiment. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 777-799. Partington, D. E.(2002).Essential Skills for Management Research: Oaks, CA:Sage Publications, ISBN 07619 70088. Paton, G.(2014). STEM Awards: business facing major skills shortage. The Telegraph. 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WestMercia Notebooks Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

WestMercia Notebooks Ltd - Essay Example As and when such orders come, the company can deliver it immediately. Notebooks prepared on order, generally carry the name of the college, institute, corporate house etc. who is ordering it. When WestMercia starts keeping some minimum stock of readymade notebooks, carrying the name of the company, it is bound to help the company in establishing a brand identity. An entity is something that is supposed to have a distinct, separate existence and identity. In this category, generally we take person, place, thing, event, or concept, about which information is to be stored. WestMercia Notebooks mainly has the following entities; Entity Life History (ELH) analyses the life cycle of the entities in the WestMercia Notebooks Ltd. ELH diagram also includes sequencing, iteration or timing of events in the system. It also investigates the integrity requirements and successor actions relevant for each entity, the administration of the entity, and the deletion of the entity. ELH is thus used to define the rules and regulations determining the life cycle of the entities and how do we perform actions like insert, update, and delete. ELH Diagram for 'Notebook': Event-1: The Customer i.e. college/ institution/ retailer/ wholesaler approaches the company with the specification of the notebook. Event-2: After WestMercia Notebooks Ltd. receives the orders, it starts processing it with the help of different departments Event-3: The production department makes the notebooks with appropriate specifications and sends them for being delivered to the customer. Event-4: The notebook is distributed amongst students, employees by the colleges or institutions and sold by retailers and wholesalers. Students and employees in turn use the notebooks and thus the notebook completes its useful life. ELH Diagram for 'Order': Event-1: Marketing team starts negotiations on the order. Negotiations take place regarding order size, prices, expected time of delivery etc. Such negotiations also often involve some discounts, if the customer has been a regular one for the company, with good payment record. Event-2: Once the negotiations are over, a consolidated order is prepared, with details like terms of payments, advances, discounts etc. Event-3: The production department starts working on the order, places order for raw material and once the notebooks are ready, sends it across to the dispatch sections for packaging and delivery. Event-4: The account department takes a look at the payment position, and accordingly gives a go ahead to the dispatch department for sending it across to the customer. Thus the order is completed within couple of days or weeks, depending upon the order

Cornish Villages 4G Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cornish Villages 4G Trial - Essay Example It is the aim of the Government to establish the best superfast broadband network in Europe by 2015 (BIS, 2010), and to meet the EC target for all citizens to have access to basic level of broadband of 2 Mbps by 2013 (EC, 2010). The wireless technology is envisioned to best benefit the ‘notspots’, or internet blackspots that cannot be reached by the traditional fibre-optic cable networks, since the 4G network relies on satellite dishes and the mobile phone network (McDonnell, 2011). The following discussion shall treat on the technical aspects, the social and user background, and the legal and policy frameworks that support and impact upon the UK broadband connectivity project. 2. Technical Background 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards in the telecommunications industry, next to the 2G and 3G technologies. What the technology comprises exactly is difficult to define, and for a long time before the true 4G technology existed, its forerunners (LTE & WiMAX) were marketed as 4G. For instance, 4G has been described ‘as having peak speed requirements†¦ at 100 Mpbs for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbps for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users,’ which definition, however, has been observed to applying to two technologies in particular. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) stated that the term 4G may also apply to its forerunners (LTE & WiMAX) and evolved 3G (HSPA+), which enabled said technologies to advertise themselves as 4G (Broadband Expert, 2011). Most of the networks that currently support 4G capability are backed by LTE (referring to Long Term Evolution) technology, particularly in the US and being introduced in the UK. This technology is theoretically rated to have a maximum download speed of 300 Mbps and top upload speed of 75 Mbps. In the US where LTE networks are in use, however, one can realistically expect download s peed to be within 6 and 12 Mbps due to simultaneous user traffic. The other technology, WiMAX, is currently used by US carrier Sprint and others, but is not planned to be used in the UK. According to Sprint, WiMAX is capable of real world download speed of between 3 and 6 Mbps. WiMax has a theoretical top download speed of 128 Mbps and 56 Mbps for upload speed (Broadband Expert, 2011). HSPA+, the evolved 3G which now markets as 4G technology, presents itself as a quick and easy, cost-effective near term solution for upgrading presently existing 3G networks. It is much slower than LTE, with theoretical top download speed of 21 Mbps and realistic speeds from 2 Mbps to 4 Mbps (Broadband Expert, 2011). More recently, the advanced versions of WiMAX and LTE have emerged in the market, which both have theoretical capability of 1 Gbps download (ISPreview, 2011). As implied by the differences between theoretical and real world speeds, nearly all broadband services suffer from highly variable speeds. The current range of download speed in the UK is between 1 and 2 Mbps. There are several advantages, in present-day 4G broadband technology, though. ‘Mobile Broadband is often described as being the only real alternative to fixed line services because it has the advantage of being both affordable and widely available, from almost anywhere, to a significant portion of the UK population’